Federal Aviation Regulations

Part 29: Airworthiness standards: Transport category rotorcraft

Federal Aviation Regulations

Subpart A - General


• Sec. 29.1 - Applicability.
• Sec. 29.2 - Special retroactive requirements.

Subpart B - Flight



• Sec. 29.21 - Proof of compliance.
• Sec. 29.25 - Weight limits.
• Sec. 29.27 - Center of gravity limits.
• Sec. 29.29 - Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity.
• Sec. 29.31 - Removable ballast.
• Sec. 29.33 - Main rotor speed and pitch limits.
• Sec. 29.45 - General.
• Sec. 29.49 - Performance at minimum operating speed.
• Sec. 29.51 - Takeoff data: general.
• Sec. 29.53 - Takeoff: Category A.
• Sec. 29.55 - Takeoff decision point (TDP): Category A.
• Sec. 29.59 - Takeoff path: Category A.
• Sec. 29.60 - Elevated heliport takeoff path: Category A.
• Sec. 29.61 - Takeoff distance: Category A.
• Sec. 29.62 - Rejected takeoff: Category A.
• Sec. 29.63 - Takeoff: Category B.
• Sec. 29.64 - Climb: General.
• Sec. 29.65 - Climb: All engines operating.
• Sec. 29.67 - Climb: One engine inoperative (OEI).
• Sec. 29.71 - Helicopter angle of glide: Category B.
• Sec. 29.75 - Landing: General.
• Sec. 29.77 - Landing Decision Point (LDP): Category A.
• Sec. 29.79 - Landing: Category A.
• Sec. 29.81 - Landing distance: Category A.
• Sec. 29.83 - Landing: Category B.
• Sec. 29.85 - Balked landing: Category A.
• Sec. 29.87 - Height-velocity envelope.
• Sec. 29.141 - General.
• Sec. 29.143 - Controllability and maneuverability.
• Sec. 29.151 - Flight controls.
• Sec. 29.161 - Trim control.
• Sec. 29.171 - Stability: general.
• Sec. 29.173 - Static longitudinal stability.
• Sec. 29.175 - Demonstration of static longitudinal stability.
• Sec. 29.177 - Static directional stability.
• Sec. 29.181 - Dynamic stability: Category A rotorcraft.
• Sec. 29.231 - General.
• Sec. 29.235 - Taxiing condition.
• Sec. 29.239 - Spray characteristics.
• Sec. 29.241 - Ground resonance.
• Sec. 29.251 - Vibration.

Subpart C - Strength Requirements



• Sec. 29.301 - Loads.
• Sec. 29.303 - Factor of safety.
• Sec. 29.305 - Strength and deformation.
• Sec. 29.307 - Proof of structure.
• Sec. 29.309 - Design limitations.
• Sec. 29.321 - General.
• Sec. 29.337 - Limit maneuvering load factor.
• Sec. 29.339 - Resultant limit maneuvering loads.
• Sec. 29.341 - Gust loads.
• Sec. 29.351 - Yawing conditions.
• Sec. 29.361 - Engine torque.
• Sec. 29.391 - General.
• Sec. 29.395 - Control system.
• Sec. 29.397 - Limit pilot forces and torques.
• Sec. 29.399 - Dual control system.
• Sec. 29.411 - Ground clearance: tail rotor guard.
• Sec. 29.427 - Unsymmetrical loads.
• Sec. 29.471 - General.
• Sec. 29.473 - Ground loading conditions and assumptions.
• Sec. 29.475 - Tires and shock absorbers.
• Sec. 29.477 - Landing gear arrangement.
• Sec. 29.479 - Level landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.481 - Tail-down landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.483 - One-wheel landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.485 - Lateral drift landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.493 - Braked roll conditions.
• Sec. 29.497 - Ground loading conditions: landing gear with tail wheels.
• Sec. 29.501 - Ground loading conditions: landing gear with skids.
• Sec. 29.505 - Ski landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.511 - Ground load: unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units.
• Sec. 29.519 - Hull type rotorcraft: Water-based and amphibian.
• Sec. 29.521 - Float landing conditions.
• Sec. 29.547 - Main and tail rotor structure.
• Sec. 29.549 - Fuselage and rotor pylon structures.
• Sec. 29.551 - Auxiliary lifting surfaces.
• Sec. 29.561 - General.
• Sec. 29.562 - Emergency landing dynamic conditions.
• Sec. 29.563 - Structural ditching provisions.
• Sec. 29.571 - Fatigue evaluation of structure.

Subpart D - Design and Construction



• Sec. 29.601 - Design.
• Sec. 29.602 - Critical parts.
• Sec. 29.603 - Materials.
• Sec. 29.605 - Fabrication methods.
• Sec. 29.607 - Fasteners.
• Sec. 29.609 - Protection of structure.
• Sec. 29.610 - Lightning and static electricity protection.
• Sec. 29.611 - Inspection provisions.
• Sec. 29.613 - Material strength properties and design values.
• Sec. 29.619 - Special factors.
• Sec. 29.621 - Casting factors.
• Sec. 29.623 - Bearing factors.
• Sec. 29.625 - Fitting factors.
• Sec. 29.629 - Flutter and divergence.
• Sec. 29.631 - Bird strike.
• Sec. 29.653 - Pressure venting and drainage of rotor blades.
• Sec. 29.659 - Mass balance.
• Sec. 29.661 - Rotor blade clearance.
• Sec. 29.663 - Ground resonance prevention means.
• Sec. 29.671 - General.
• Sec. 29.672 - Stability augmentation, automatic, and power-operated systems.
• Sec. 29.673 - Primary flight controls.
• Sec. 29.674 - Interconnected controls.
• Sec. 29.675 - Stops.
• Sec. 29.679 - Control system locks.
• Sec. 29.681 - Limit load static tests.
• Sec. 29.683 - Operation tests.
• Sec. 29.685 - Control system details.
• Sec. 29.687 - Spring devices.
• Sec. 29.691 - Autorotation control mechanism.
• Sec. 29.695 - Power boost and power-operated control system.
• Sec. 29.723 - Shock absorption tests.
• Sec. 29.725 - Limit drop test.
• Sec. 29.727 - Reserve energy absorption drop test.
• Sec. 29.729 - Retracting mechanism.
• Sec. 29.731 - Wheels.
• Sec. 29.733 - Tires.
• Sec. 29.735 - Brakes.
• Sec. 29.737 - Skis.
• Sec. 29.751 - Main float buoyancy.
• Sec. 29.753 - Main float design.
• Sec. 29.755 - Hull buoyancy.
• Sec. 29.757 - Hull and auxiliary float strength.
• Sec. 29.771 - Pilot compartment.
• Sec. 29.773 - Pilot compartment view.
• Sec. 29.775 - Windshields and windows.
• Sec. 29.777 - Cockpit controls.
• Sec. 29.779 - Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
• Sec. 29.783 - Doors.
• Sec. 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.
• Sec. 29.787 - Cargo and baggage compartments.
• Sec. 29.801 - Ditching.
• Sec. 29.803 - Emergency evacuation.
• Sec. 29.805 - Flight crew emergency exits.
• Sec. 29.807 - Passenger emergency exits.
• Sec. 29.809 - Emergency exit arrangement.
• Sec. 29.811 - Emergency exit marking.
• Sec. 29.812 - Emergency lighting.
• Sec. 29.813 - Emergency exit access.
• Sec. 29.815 - Main aisle width.
• Sec. 29.831 - Ventilation.
• Sec. 29.833 - Heaters.
• Sec. 29.851 - Fire extinguishers.
• Sec. 29.853 - Compartment interiors.
• Sec. 29.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.
• Sec. 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.
• Sec. 29.861 - Fire protection of structure, controls, and other parts.
• Sec. 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.
• Sec. 29.865 - External loads.
• Sec. 29.871 - Leveling marks.
• Sec. 29.873 - Ballast provisions.

Subpart E - Powerplant



• Sec. 29.901 - Installation.
• Sec. 29.903 - Engines.
• Sec. 29.907 - Engine vibration.
• Sec. 29.908 - Cooling fans.
• Sec. 29.917 - Design.
• Sec. 29.921 - Rotor brake.
• Sec. 29.923 - Rotor drive system and control mechanism tests.
• Sec. 29.927 - Additional tests.
• Sec. 29.931 - Shafting critical speed.
• Sec. 29.935 - Shafting joints.
• Sec. 29.939 - Turbine engine operating characteristics.
• Sec. 29.951 - General.
• Sec. 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.
• Sec. 29.953 - Fuel system independence.
• Sec. 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.
• Sec. 29.955 - Fuel flow.
• Sec. 29.957 - Flow between interconnected tanks.
• Sec. 29.959 - Unusable fuel supply.
• Sec. 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.
• Sec. 29.963 - Fuel tanks: general.
• Sec. 29.965 - Fuel tank tests.
• Sec. 29.967 - Fuel tank installation.
• Sec. 29.969 - Fuel tank expansion space.
• Sec. 29.971 - Fuel tank sump.
• Sec. 29.973 - Fuel tank filler connection.
• Sec. 29.975 - Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents.
• Sec. 29.977 - Fuel tank outlet.
• Sec. 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.
• Sec. 29.991 - Fuel pumps.
• Sec. 29.993 - Fuel system lines and fittings.
• Sec. 29.995 - Fuel valves.
• Sec. 29.997 - Fuel strainer or filter.
• Sec. 29.999 - Fuel system drains.
• Sec. 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.
• Sec. 29.1011 - Engines: general.
• Sec. 29.1013 - Oil tanks.
• Sec. 29.1015 - Oil tank tests.
• Sec. 29.1017 - Oil lines and fittings.
• Sec. 29.1019 - Oil strainer or filter.
• Sec. 29.1021 - Oil system drains.
• Sec. 29.1023 - Oil radiators.
• Sec. 29.1025 - Oil valves.
• Sec. 29.1027 - Transmission and gearboxes: general.
• Sec. 29.1041 - General.
• Sec. 29.1043 - Cooling tests.
• Sec. 29.1045 - Climb cooling test procedures.
• Sec. 29.1047 - Takeoff cooling test procedures.
• Sec. 29.1049 - Hovering cooling test procedures.
• Sec. 29.1091 - Air induction.
• Sec. 29.1093 - Induction system icing protection.
• Sec. 29.1101 - Carburetor air preheater design.
• Sec. 29.1103 - Induction systems ducts and air duct systems.
• Sec. 29.1105 - Induction system screens.
• Sec. 29.1107 - Inter-coolers and after-coolers.
• Sec. 29.1109 - Carburetor air cooling.
• Sec. 29.1121 - General.
• Sec. 29.1123 - Exhaust piping.
• Sec. 29.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers.
• Sec. 29.1141 - Powerplant controls: general.
• Sec. 29.1142 - Auxiliary power unit controls.
• Sec. 29.1143 - Engine controls.
• Sec. 29.1145 - Ignition switches.
• Sec. 29.1147 - Mixture controls.
• Sec. 29.1151 - Rotor brake controls.
• Sec. 29.1157 - Carburetor air temperature controls.
• Sec. 29.1159 - Supercharger controls.
• Sec. 29.1163 - Powerplant accessories.
• Sec. 29.1165 - Engine ignition systems.
• Sec. 29.1181 - Designated fire zones: regions included.
• Sec. 29.1183 - Lines, fittings, and components.
• Sec. 29.1185 - Flammable fluids.
• Sec. 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.
• Sec. 29.1189 - Shutoff means.
• Sec. 29.1191 - Firewalls.
• Sec. 29.1193 - Cowling and engine compartment covering.
• Sec. 29.1194 - Other surfaces.
• Sec. 29.1195 - Fire extinguishing systems.
• Sec. 29.1197 - Fire extinguishing agents.
• Sec. 29.1199 - Extinguishing agent containers.
• Sec. 29.1201 - Fire extinguishing system materials.
• Sec. 29.1203 - Fire detector systems.

Subpart F - Equipment



• Sec. 29.1301 - Function and installation.
• Sec. 29.1303 - Flight and navigation instruments.
• Sec. 29.1305 - Powerplant instruments.
• Sec. 29.1307 - Miscellaneous equipment.
• Sec. 29.1309 - Equipment, systems, and installations.
• Sec. 29.1321 - Arrangement and visibility.
• Sec. 29.1322 - Warning, caution, and advisory lights.
• Sec. 29.1323 - Airspeed indicating system.
• Sec. 29.1325 - Static pressure and pressure altimeter systems.
• Sec. 29.1327 - Magnetic direction indicator.
• Sec. 29.1329 - Automatic pilot system.
• Sec. 29.1331 - Instruments using a power supply.
• Sec. 29.1333 - Instrument systems.
• Sec. 29.1335 - Flight director systems.
• Sec. 29.1337 - Powerplant instruments.
• Sec. 29.1351 - General.
• Sec. 29.1353 - Electrical equipment and installations.
• Sec. 29.1355 - Distribution system.
• Sec. 29.1357 - Circuit protective devices.
• Sec. 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.
• Sec. 29.1363 - Electrical system tests.
• Sec. 29.1381 - Instrument lights.
• Sec. 29.1383 - Landing lights.
• Sec. 29.1385 - Position light system installation.
• Sec. 29.1387 - Position light system dihedral angles.
• Sec. 29.1389 - Position light distribution and intensities.
• Sec. 29.1391 - Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of forward and rear position lights.
• Sec. 29.1393 - Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of forward and rear position lights.
• Sec. 29.1395 - Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of forward and rear position lights.
• Sec. 29.1397 - Color specifications.
• Sec. 29.1399 - Riding light.
• Sec. 29.1401 - Anticollision light system.
• Sec. 29.1411 - General.
• Sec. 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.
• Sec. 29.1415 - Ditching equipment.
• Sec. 29.1419 - Ice protection.
• Sec. 29.1431 - Electronic equipment.
• Sec. 29.1433 - Vacuum systems.
• Sec. 29.1435 - Hydraulic systems.
• Sec. 29.1439 - Protective breathing equipment.
• Sec. 29.1457 - Cockpit voice recorders.
• Sec. 29.1459 - Flight recorders.
• Sec. 29.1461 - Equipment containing high energy rotors.

Subpart G - Operating Limitations and Information



• Sec. 29.1501 - General.
• Sec. 29.1503 - Airspeed limitations: general.
• Sec. 29.1505 - Never-exceed speed.
• Sec. 29.1509 - Rotor speed.
• Sec. 29.1517 - Limiting height-speed envelope.
• Sec. 29.1519 - Weight and center of gravity.
• Sec. 29.1521 - Powerplant limitations.
• Sec. 29.1522 - Auxiliary power unit limitations.
• Sec. 29.1523 - Minimum flight crew.
• Sec. 29.1525 - Kinds of operations.
• Sec. 29.1527 - Maximum operating altitude.
• Sec. 29.1529 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
• Sec. 29.1541 - General.
• Sec. 29.1543 - Instrument markings: general.
• Sec. 29.1545 - Airspeed indicator.
• Sec. 29.1547 - Magnetic direction indicator.
• Sec. 29.1549 - Powerplant instruments.
• Sec. 29.1551 - Oil quantity indicator.
• Sec. 29.1553 - Fuel quantity indicator.
• Sec. 29.1555 - Control markings.
• Sec. 29.1557 - Miscellaneous markings and placards.
• Sec. 29.1559 - Limitations placard.
• Sec. 29.1561 - Safety equipment.
• Sec. 29.1565 - Tail rotor.
• Sec. 29.1581 - General.
• Sec. 29.1583 - Operating limitations.
• Sec. 29.1585 - Operating procedures.
• Sec. 29.1587 - Performance information.
• Sec. 29.1589 - Loading information.

Appendices

• Appendix A to Part 29 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness
• Appendix B to Part 29 - Airworthiness Criteria for Helicopter Instrument Flight
• Appendix C to Part 29 - Icing Certification
• Appendix D to Part 29 - Criteria for Demonstration of Emergency Evacuation Procedures Under §29.803