Federal Aviation Regulations

Part 91: General operating and flight rules

Special Federal Aviation Regulations

• SFAR No. 50-2 - Special Flight Rules in the Vicinity of the Grand Canyon National Park, AZ
• SFAR No. 60 - Air Traffic Control System Emergency Operation
• SFAR No. 65-1 - Prohibition Against Certain Flights Between the United States and Libya
• SFAR No. 71 - Special Operating Rules for Air Tour Operators in the State of Hawaii
• SFAR No. 77 - Prohibition Against Certain Flights Within the Territory and Airspace of Iraq
• SFAR No. 79 - Prohibition Against Certain Flights Within the Flight Information Region (FIR) of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
• SFAR No. 87 - Prohibition Against Certain Flights Within the Territory and Airspace of Ethiopia
• SFAR No. 94 - Enhanced Security Procedures for Operations at Certain Airports in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area Special Flight Rules Area
• SFAR No. 97 - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in Alaska

Federal Aviation Regulations

Subpart A - General


• Sec. 91.1 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.3 - Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
• Sec. 91.5 - Pilot in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
• Sec. 91.7 - Civil aircraft airworthiness.
• Sec. 91.9 - Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.
• Sec. 91.11 - Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.
• Sec. 91.13 - Careless or reckless operation.
• Sec. 91.15 - Dropping objects.
• Sec. 91.17 - Alcohol or drugs.
• Sec. 91.19 - Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
• Sec. 91.21 - Portable electronic devices.
• Sec. 91.23 - Truth-in-leasing clause requirement in leases and conditional sales contracts.
• Sec. 91.25 - Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes.
• Sec. 91.27-91.99 - [Reserved]

Subpart B - Flight Rules



• Sec. 91.101 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.103 - Preflight action.
• Sec. 91.105 - Flight crewmembers at stations.
• Sec. 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.
• Sec. 91.109 - Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.
• Sec. 91.111 - Operating near other aircraft.
• Sec. 91.113 - Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.
• Sec. 91.115 - Right-of-way rules: Water operations.
• Sec. 91.117 - Aircraft speed.
• Sec. 91.119 - Minimum safe altitudes: General.
• Sec. 91.121 - Altimeter settings.
• Sec. 91.123 - Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.
• Sec. 91.125 - ATC light signals.
• Sec. 91.126 - Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace.
• Sec. 91.127 - Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class E airspace.
• Sec. 91.129 - Operations in Class D airspace.
• Sec. 91.130 - Operations in Class C airspace.
• Sec. 91.131 - Operations in Class B airspace.
• Sec. 91.133 - Restricted and prohibited areas.
• Sec. 91.135 - Operations in Class A airspace.
• Sec. 91.137 - Temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of disaster/hazard areas.
• Sec. 91.138 - Temporary flight restrictions in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii.
• Sec. 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.
• Sec. 91.141 - Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties.
• Sec. 91.143 - Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations.
• Sec. 91.144 - Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions.
• Sec. 91.145 - Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events.
• Sec. 91.146-91.149 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.151 - Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.
• Sec. 91.153 - VFR flight plan: Information required.
• Sec. 91.155 - Basic VFR weather minimums.
• Sec. 91.157 - Special VFR weather minimums.
• Sec. 91.159 - VFR cruising altitude or flight level.
• Sec. 91.161-91.165 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.167 - Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions.
• Sec. 91.169 - IFR flight plan: Information required.
• Sec. 91.171 - VOR equipment check for IFR operations.
• Sec. 91.173 - ATC clearance and flight plan required.
• Sec. 91.175 - Takeoff and landing under IFR.
• Sec. 91.177 - Minimum altitudes for IFR operations.
• Sec. 91.179 - 91
• Sec. 91.180 - Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum airspace.
• Sec. 91.181 - Course to be flown.
• Sec. 91.183 - IFR radio communications.
• Sec. 91.185 - IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure.
• Sec. 91.187 - Operation under IFR in controlled airspace: Malfunction reports.
• Sec. 91.189 - Category II and III operations: General operating rules.
• Sec. 91.191 - Category II and Category III manual.
• Sec. 91.193 - Certificate of authorization for certain Category II operations.
• Sec. 91.195-91.199 - [Reserved]

Subpart C - Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements



• Sec. 91.201 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.203 - Civil aircraft: Certifications required.
• Sec. 91.205 - Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.
• Sec. 91.207 - Emergency locator transmitters.
• Sec. 91.209 - Aircraft lights.
• Sec. 91.211 - Supplemental oxygen.
• Sec. 91.213 - Inoperative instruments and equipment.
• Sec. 91.215 - ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.
• Sec. 91.217 - Data correspondence between automatically reported pressure altitude data and the pilot's altitude reference.
• Sec. 91.219 - Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes.
• Sec. 91.221 - Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use.
• Sec. 91.223 - Terrain awareness and warning system.
• Sec. 91.224-91.299 - [Reserved]

Subpart D - Special Flight Operations



• Sec. 91.301 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.303 - Aerobatic flight.
• Sec. 91.305 - Flight test areas.
• Sec. 91.307 - 91
• Sec. 91.309 - Towing: Gliders.
• Sec. 91.311 - Towing: Other than under §91.309.
• Sec. 91.313 - Restricted category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.315 - Limited category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.317 - Provisionally certificated civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.319 - Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.321 - Carriage of candidates in Federal elections.
• Sec. 91.323 - Increased maximum certificated weights for certain airplanes operated in Alaska.
• Sec. 91.325 - Primary category aircraft: Operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.326-91.399 - [Reserved]

Subpart E - Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations



• Sec. 91.401 - 91
• Sec. 91.403 - General.
• Sec. 91.405 - Maintenance required.
• Sec. 91.407 - Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.
• Sec. 91.409 - Inspections.
• Sec. 91.410 - 91
• Sec. 91.411 - Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections.
• Sec. 91.413 - ATC transponder tests and inspections.
• Sec. 91.415 - 91
• Sec. 91.417 - Maintenance records.
• Sec. 91.419 - Transfer of maintenance records.
• Sec. 91.421 - Rebuilt engine maintenance records.
• Sec. 91.423-91.499 - [Reserved]

Subpart F - Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft



• Sec. 91.501 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.503 - Flying equipment and operating information.
• Sec. 91.505 - Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment.
• Sec. 91.507 - Equipment requirements: Over-the-top or night VFR operations.
• Sec. 91.509 - 91
• Sec. 91.511 - Radio equipment for overwater operations.
• Sec. 91.513 - Emergency equipment.
• Sec. 91.515 - Flight altitude rules.
• Sec. 91.517 - Passenger information.
• Sec. 91.519 - 91
• Sec. 91.521 - Shoulder harness.
• Sec. 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.
• Sec. 91.525 - Carriage of cargo.
• Sec. 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.
• Sec. 91.529 - Flight engineer requirements.
• Sec. 91.531 - 91
• Sec. 91.533 - Flight attendant requirements.
• Sec. 91.535 - Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
• Sec. 91.536-91.599 - [Reserved]

Subpart G - Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft



• Sec. 91.601 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.603 - Aural speed warning device.
• Sec. 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations.
• Sec. 91.607 - Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire.
• Sec. 91.609 - Flight recorders and cockpit voice recorders.
• Sec. 91.611 - Authorization for ferry flight with one engine inoperative.
• Sec. 91.613 - Materials for compartment interiors.
• Sec. 91.615-91.699 - [Reserved]

Subpart H - Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of U.S.-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the United States; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft



• Sec. 91.701 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.702 - Persons on board.
• Sec. 91.703 - Operations of civil aircraft of U.S. registry outside of the United States.
• Sec. 91.705 - Operations within airspace designated as Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace.
• Sec. 91.706 - Operations within airspace designed as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace.
• Sec. 91.707 - Flights between Mexico or Canada and the United States.
• Sec. 91.709 - Operations to Cuba.
• Sec. 91.711 - Special rules for foreign civil aircraft.
• Sec. 91.713 - Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry.
• Sec. 91.715 - Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircraft.
• Sec. 91.717-91.799 - [Reserved]

Subpart I - Operating Noise Limits



• Sec. 91.801 - Applicability: Relation to part 36.
• Sec. 91.803 - Part 125 operators: Designation of applicable regulations.
• Sec. 91.805 - Final compliance: Subsonic airplanes.
• Sec. 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.
• Sec. 91.817 - Civil aircraft sonic boom.
• Sec. 91.819 - Civil supersonic airplanes that do not comply with part 36.
• Sec. 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits.
• Sec. 91.823-91.849 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.851 - Definitions.
• Sec. 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes.
• Sec. 91.855 - Entry and nonaddition rule.
• Sec. 91.857 - Stage 2 operations outside of the 48 contiguous United States.
• Sec. 91.858 - Special flight authorizations for non-revenue Stage 2 operations.
• Sec. 91.859 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.861 - Base level.
• Sec. 91.863 - Transfers of Stage 2 airplanes with base level.
• Sec. 91.865 - Phased compliance for operators with base level.
• Sec. 91.867 - Phased compliance for new entrants.
• Sec. 91.869 - Carry-forward compliance.
• Sec. 91.871 - Waivers from interim compliance requirements.
• Sec. 91.873 - Waivers from final compliance.
• Sec. 91.875 - Annual progress reports.
• Sec. 91.877 - Annual reporting of Hawaiian operations.
• Sec. 91.879-91.899 - [Reserved]

Subpart J - Waivers



• Sec. 91.901 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.903 - Policy and procedures.
• Sec. 91.905 - List of rules subject to waivers.
• Sec. 91.907-91.999 - 91

Subpart K - Fractional Ownership Operations



• Sec. 91.1001 - Applicability.
• Sec. 91.1002 - Compliance date.
• Sec. 91.1003 - Management contract between owner and program manager.
• Sec. 91.1005 - Prohibitions and limitations.
• Sec. 91.1007 - Flights conducted under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.
• Sec. 91.1009 - Clarification of operational control.
• Sec. 91.1011 - Operational control responsibilities and delegation.
• Sec. 91.1013 - 91
• Sec. 91.1014 - Issuing or denying management specifications.
• Sec. 91.1015 - Management specifications.
• Sec. 91.1017 - Amending program manager's management specifications.
• Sec. 91.1019 - Conducting tests and inspections.
• Sec. 91.1021 - Internal safety reporting and incident/accident response.
• Sec. 91.1023 - Program operating manual requirements.
• Sec. 91.1025 - Program operating manual contents.
• Sec. 91.1027 - Recordkeeping.
• Sec. 91.1029 - Flight scheduling and locating requirements.
• Sec. 91.1031 - Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required.
• Sec. 91.1033 - Operating information required.
• Sec. 91.1035 - Passenger awareness.
• Sec. 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports.
• Sec. 91.1039 - IFR takeoff, approach and landing minimums.
• Sec. 91.1041 - Aircraft proving and validation tests.
• Sec. 91.1043 - [Reserved]
• Sec. 91.1045 - Additional equipment requirements.
• Sec. 91.1047 - Drug and alcohol misuse education program.
• Sec. 91.1049 - Personnel.
• Sec. 91.1051 - Pilot safety background check.
• Sec. 91.1053 - Crewmember experience.
• Sec. 91.1055 - Pilot operating limitations and pairing requirement.
• Sec. 91.1057 - Flight, duty and rest time requirements: All crewmembers.
• Sec. 91.1059 - Flight time limitations and rest requirements: One or two pilot crews.
• Sec. 91.1061 - Augmented flight crews.
• Sec. 91.1062 - Duty periods and rest requirements: Flight attendants.
• Sec. 91.1063 - Testing and training: Applicability and terms used.
• Sec. 91.1065 - Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
• Sec. 91.1067 - Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements.
• Sec. 91.1069 - Flight crew: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
• Sec. 91.1071 - Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards.
• Sec. 91.1073 - Training program: General.
• Sec. 91.1075 - Training program: Special rules.
• Sec. 91.1077 - Training program and revision: Initial and final approval.
• Sec. 91.1079 - Training program: Curriculum.
• Sec. 91.1081 - Crewmember training requirements.
• Sec. 91.1083 - Crewmember emergency training.
• Sec. 91.1085 - Hazardous materials recognition training.
• Sec. 91.1087 - Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices.
• Sec. 91.1089 - Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator).
• Sec. 91.1091 - Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator).
• Sec. 91.1093 - Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator).
• Sec. 91.1095 - Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
• Sec. 91.1097 - Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs.
• Sec. 91.1099 - Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements.
• Sec. 91.1101 - Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
• Sec. 91.1103 - Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, requalification, and differences flight training.
• Sec. 91.1105 - Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
• Sec. 91.1107 - Recurrent training.
• Sec. 91.1109 - Aircraft maintenance: Inspection program.
• Sec. 91.1111 - Maintenance training.
• Sec. 91.1113 - Maintenance recordkeeping.
• Sec. 91.1115 - Inoperable instruments and equipment.
• Sec. 91.1411 - Continuous airworthiness maintenance program use by fractional ownership program manager.
• Sec. 91.1413 - CAMP: Responsibility for airworthiness.
• Sec. 91.1415 - CAMP: Mechanical reliability reports.
• Sec. 91.1417 - CAMP: Mechanical interruption summary report.
• Sec. 91.1423 - CAMP: Maintenance organization.
• Sec. 91.1425 - CAMP: Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs.
• Sec. 91.1427 - CAMP: Manual requirements.
• Sec. 91.1429 - CAMP: Required inspection personnel.
• Sec. 91.1431 - CAMP: Continuing analysis and surveillance.
• Sec. 91.1433 - CAMP: Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program.
• Sec. 91.1435 - CAMP: Certificate requirements.
• Sec. 91.1437 - CAMP: Authority to perform and approve maintenance.
• Sec. 91.1439 - CAMP: Maintenance recording requirements.
• Sec. 91.1441 - CAMP: Transfer of maintenance records.
• Sec. 91.1443 - CAMP: Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry.

Appendices

• Appendix A to Part 91 - Category II Operations: Manual, Instruments, Equipment, and Maintenance
• Appendix B to Part 91 - Authorizations to Exceed Mach 1 (§91.817)
• Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace
• Appendix D to Part 91 - Airports/Locations: Special Operating Restrictions
• Appendix E to Part 91 - Airplane Flight Recorder Specifications
• Appendix F to Part 91 - Helicopter Flight Recorder Specifications
• Appendix G to Part 91 - Operations in Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) Airspace